The Basics of Associated Press Style

One of the first things a student in a beginning journalism course learns about is Associated Press style or AP style for short. AP style is simply a standardized way of writing everything from dates to street addresses to job titles. AP style was developed and is maintained by The Associated Press, the world’s oldest news service. Why Do I Have to Learn AP Style? Learning AP style is certainly not the most exciting or glamorous aspect of a career in journalism, but getting a handle on it is absolutely necessary. Why? Because AP style is the gold standard for print journalism. It’s used by the vast majority of newspapers in the U.S. A reporter who never bothers to learn even the basics of AP style, who gets into the habit of submitting stories filled with AP style errors, is likely to find himself covering the sewage treatment board beat for a long, long time. How Do I Learn AP Style? To learn AP style you must get your hands on an AP Stylebook. It can be purchased at most bookstores or online. The stylebook is a comprehensive catalog of proper style usage and has literally thousands of entries. As such, it can be intimidating to the first-time user. But the AP Stylebook is designed to be used by reporters and editors working on tight deadlines, so generally, it’s pretty easy to use. There’s no point in trying to memorize the AP Stylebook. The important thing is to get into the habit of using it whenever you write a news story to make sure your article follows proper AP style. The more you use the book, the more you’ll start to memorize certain points of AP style. Eventually, you won’t have to refer to the stylebook nearly as much. On the other hand, don’t get cocky and toss out your AP Stylebook once you’ve memorized the basics. Mastering AP style is a lifelong, or at least career-long, pursuit, and even expert copy editors with decades of experience find they must refer to it regularly. Indeed, walk into any newsroom, anywhere in the country and you’re likely to find an AP Stylebook on every desk. It’s the Bible of print journalism. The AP Stylebook is also an excellent reference work. It includes in-depth sections on libel law, business writing, sports, crime, and firearms – all topics that any good reporter should have a grasp of. For instance, what’s the difference between a burglary and a robbery? There are a big difference and a novice police reporter who makes the mistake of thinking they are one and the same thing is likely to get hammered by a tough editor. So before you write that the mugger burgled the little old lady’s purse, check your stylebook. Here are some of the most basic and commonly used AP style points. But remember, these represent only a tiny fraction of what’s in the AP Stylebook, so don’t use this page as a substitute for getting your own stylebook. Numbers One through nine is generally spelled out, while 10 and above are generally written as numerals. Example: He carried five books for 12 blocks. Percentages Percentages are always expressed as numerals, followed by the word â€Å"percent.† Example: The price of gas rose 5 percent. Ages Ages are always expressed as numerals. Example: He is 5 years old. Dollar Amounts Dollar amounts are always expressed as numerals, and the â€Å"$† sign is used. Example: $5, $15, $150, $150,000, $15 million, $15 billion, $15.5 billion Street Addresses Numerals are used for numbered addresses. Street, Avenue, and Boulevard are abbreviated when used with a numbered address but otherwise are spelled out. Route and Road are never abbreviated. Example: He lives at 123 Main St. His house is on Main Street. Her house in on 234 Elm Road. Dates Dates are expressed as numerals. The months August through February are abbreviated when used with numbered dates. March through July are never abbreviated. Months without dates are not abbreviated. â€Å"Th† is not used. Example: The meeting is on Oct. 15. She was born on July 12. I love the weather in November. Job Titles Job titles are generally capitalized when they appear before a person’s name, but lowercase after the name. Example: President George Bush. George Bush is the president. Film, Book Song Titles Generally, these are capitalized and placed in quotation marks. Do not use quote marks with reference books or the names of newspapers or magazines. Example: He rented â€Å"Star Wars† on DVD. She read â€Å"War and Peace.†

The Energy Development Of Greening Energy Sector - 917 Words

Greening energy sector in India has started through the implementation of various policies and acts in energy sector. The electricity Act which was enforced in 2003 for the generation of renewable energy, providing sufficient support and facilitating its purchase was the first formal process in promoting clean energy (solar energy in India). Other energy policies and acts like National Tariff policy 2006, National rural electrification policies 2006 and semiconductor policy 2007 have provided ground for the establishment of standalone off grid renewable energy and also subsidised manufacturing of solar panels (solar energy in India). The installed capacity of solar power plant which was 161 MW in 2010 increased up to 4097 MW till July 2015 (Phillips, 2014).During the year 2014-2015, there has been 42 % increase in the solar power installed capacity adding up 1112 MW in the renewable energy pool (Power brochure India). Recently on August 2015, India has turned The Cochin International Airport into entirely solar powered airport producing 48 KWh of energy which is assumed to save 300,000 tons of Equivalent carbon in the next 25 years (Greenberg, 2015). This has been considered as a great achievement in clean energy development in India and around world. Madhya Pradesh, Gujrat, Rajasthan, are the leading states in solar energy production in India. With the aim to reduce the dependency in conventional fuel, Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) launched the programmeShow MoreRelatedThe Benefits of Greening a City Essay677 Words   |  3 PagesThe Benefits of Greening a City Sustainable development is a major world issue in recent development. Its main idea is to meet the needs of present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs, greening of cities is a very distinctive practice of this idea. 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Plato’s and Aristotle’s Views on Knowledge Free Essays

Plato and Aristotle view knowledge and the process whereby it is obtained. They both point out that many epistemological concepts which they believe where knowledge comes from and what it is actually. Most of them have been astonished me in certain ways, but I found that rationalism and â€Å"wisdom consists in knowing the cause which made a material thing to be what it is† make the most sense to me regarding the nature of knowledge. We will write a custom essay sample on Plato’s and Aristotle’s Views on Knowledge or any similar topic only for you Order Now As the following, we will discuss about why these two philosophical viewpoints are superior and the others are inferior. Aristotle believes that sensory perception of material objects is knowledge and he says, â€Å"Our senses begin the process of finding the answer, because they are physically close to our minds. † However, sensations and feelings are very subjective, and the results of sensation vary from person to person and even within the same person, depending on the circumstances. What to one person is cold might be warm to another, one person may be more fatigued in the afternoon than in the morning, so that his or her perceptions may temporarily less accurate. Therefore one cannot claim that sensations provide sure knowledge for human beings. | On the other hand, Aristotle sustains that the perceptions of the senses form the foundation which leads to true knowledge. The senses â€Å"give the most authoritative knowledge of particulars† (individual material objects). The senses, especially sight, â€Å"make us know and bring to light many differences between things. † The senses thus provide a foundation that will ensure that human knowledge is true or accurate. Back and forth, we have already discussed that sensations cannot provide true knowledge for humans because of subjectivity, as in this case, this is not necessarily that perceptions of senses form the foundation which leads to true knowledge for humans. Plato believes that innate knowledge of eternal Forms that exist separately from material objects is true knowledge because innate knowledge does not require that the mind interact with the external world in order to be apprehended. It is present in the mind at birth, for it is God given, and has always been resident in the mind. Nevertheless, how does one know there is a God? For all we know, the existence of god cannot be proven by scientific methods, and this is for certain. In this case, how can humans get knowledge from god or gods? Therefore, innate knowledge should not be viewed as the origin of knowledge nor to help one to obtain true knowledge. For Aristotle’s substance, it states that when one knows the substance (matter and form) or essential nature of a material object, one knows the first cause that made it to be what it is. This knowledge is true wisdom and is therefore true knowledge. I felt this philosophical viewpoint when I first saw it; however, this knowledge begins in sensory perception. Stated in premise, sensations and feelings cannot assist individuals to acquire true knowledge. For this reason, I do not fall in this epistemological concept afterwards. Moreover, a syllogism also cannot help one to acquire human knowledge. To Aristotle, these universal ideas are self-evident. The mind, having received appropriate sensory input, immediately sees that they are true. Although premises are formed as the result of inductive reasoning, it is based on sensory perception. Consequently, human beings cannot acquire knowledge by a syllogism. I personally fall with rationalism and wisdom lead us to attain knowledge. Plato and Aristotle both believe that thinking, defined as true opinion supported by rational explanation is true knowledge; however, Plato is a rationalist but Aristotle is not. Plato thinks that the external world can be obtained proceeding from the inside out. Thus, the foundation of true knowledge for the rationalists is that it originates in the faculty of reason. Furthermore, reason has the capacity to discover ideas or beliefs independently of the senses. These ideas or beliefs are self-validating and therefore have the status of knowledge because the rational faculty, which has discovered them, is the most accurate of the means by which human beings obtain knowledge. In Plato’s Theaetetus, he says, â€Å"Any one forms the true opinion of anything without rational explanation, you may say that his mind is truly exercised, but has no knowledge. † This is quite true that when one can state a true opinion supported by a rational explanation, one’s opinion constitutes knowledge, since perceptions of senses are excluding in this case. Moreover, a rational explanation does not contain any subjectivity, it is an objective entity for humans to understand true knowledge. For this reason, I fall with rationalism and believe it is a superior philosophical viewpoint about the nature of knowledge. Aristotle sustains that wisdom consists in knowing the cause which made a material thing to be what it is. For Aristotle, wise people know more than just what something is; they also know why it is what it is, or what causes it to be what it is. People with wisdom, for instance, a master worker understand not only that fire is hot, but also know why it is hot. Those with experience only, who do not know why something works in a certain manner, cannot teach. Say physicians understand that there is a relationship between the medical condition of this class of patients and the ingredients in this particular drug. They are then motivated to learn why the drug works on these people, or what causes it to be more effective with this group of patients than with others. In achieving this knowledge, one achieves wisdom. Once the physicians found out what causes the drug works, it will increase the confidence of other physicians to use it with similar patients of their own. If they just used it because it â€Å"works,† they might be more hesitant. Knowing why it works makes them feel more certain that it will be helpful. Moreover, by understanding how the ingredients work, another researcher might find another use for the drug on a related but different medical infirmity. Thus, the ability to teach something is important to one because it implies that the person who teaches has knowledge. In these cases, I believe wisdom is the ability to teach something to someone and it also contains a path for one to acquire true knowledge, therefore, it is also a superior philosophical viewpoint for individual to understand true knowledge. In my own life, I believe that one’s knowledge is taught by parents, teachers, peers, and culture, and this is the reason for humans to have education. Our knowledge is received from the earlier generation to the next generation and so on. When I was a kid, I did not know why I had acne at that time. Now I am a teen, I know that during adolescence, hormones called androgens become active and stimulate oil glands in one’s skin, increasing oil production. This, in turn, clogs pores, causing pimples and blackheads. I am educated in school and I understand the causes of acne now. In this case, I have true knowledge about what acne is and the causes of it because I have the ability to teach someone about acne, and it constitutes wisdom. This example fits in Aristotle’s thought which wisdom consists in knowing the cause which made a material thing to be what it is, and therefore, the origin of knowledge. On the other hand, a study states that sunlight can prevent some types of cancer because vitamin D is manufactured in the skin when it is exposed to sunlight and it is this vitamin that may have a protective effect against certain cancers by preventing the overproduction of cells. In this case, a true opinion is supported by a rational explanation, and this study can help one to acquire knowledge because the study itself is knowledge. In this essay, we have examined different epistemological concepts of Plato and Aristotle about what knowledge is and the process whereby it is obtained. Since sensations are subjective, many of their philosophical viewpoints have been objected. Rationalism and â€Å"wisdom consists in knowing the cause which made a material thing to be what it is† make the most sense to me because they are not perceived by sensations, and they can be observed in our daily lives. Those are the reasons that I found these two concepts are superior to others. How to cite Plato’s and Aristotle’s Views on Knowledge, Papers

Reliability and Validity of Qualitative Research

Question: Discuss about the Reliability and Validity of Qualitative Research. Answer: Introduction: The census data in the excel sheet was organized and chosen as per the instructions therein. Since no particular formula or trick was employed in choosing the sample, we call this method of data sampling as random sampling. Sometimes it is referred to as equal chance sampling (John, 2009). Unlike other probability sampling methods, equal chance sampling discourages biasness (Gravetter , 2011) in results hence the outcomes from a simple random sampling method are usually a representative of the whole sample. This is why it has been employed in this data selection. It is always a daunting task to decide which test statistic to apply so as to compare sets of data. It is more difficult to a non-statistician or even mathematician(Golafshani, 2003). However, statistical methods advice that the characteristics of the data to be compared should be able to guide us on which test statistic to use. First, we should ask ourselves whether the data is ordinal, ratio or nominal. Secondly, is the data paired or not paired?(Utts, 2014). The number of samples to be compared also determines the test statistics to be employed (David George , 2006). Considering all the mentioned criteria, the best test statistic that would fit this kind of data was analysis of variance (ANOVA). It is ANOVA since we are dealing with more than two samples. (Peace Parrillo, 2008). The generation of income distribution is all shown in excel document attached in the second sheet. Going by the descriptive analysis using excel, it can be confidently said that majority of the people are in the very poor category. This category compared to the rest has got the largest number of people who are earning between 110 and 914.25. It has 58 people in number. It is then followed by the poor who earn between 914.25 and 1718.5. These are 29 in number. From statistical perspective, it can be concluded that the data is not normally distributed. It is skewed towards one side and not just normally distributed on both ends of the normal curve. The distribution of the income for the families is not normally distributed because there is a large proportion of people earning less and a few people earning more. Normal distribution always has a balanced scenario. In this case the people who earn less and those who earn more should be the least in number then those who earn moderately should be fairly large. When determining the top 10% value, in a set of data, it is first arranged in order for example in ascending order. In percentiles, a given data is assumed to have been divided into 100 equal parts. So, the bottom 10% value represents the 10th percentile while the top 10% value represents the 90th The excel formula that has been employed to determine the percentiles is =PERCENTILE.EXEC (RANGE, K) k represents the fraction of the actual percentile that we need to establish. In our census data the bottom 10% value in WEF is 83.9 and the top 10% is 507.The chance that a family income is less than or equal to 200 is 0.09. References David, S., George , P. (2006). Introduction to the practice of Statistics. Freeman. Golafshani, N. (2003). Understanding reliability and validity of qualitative research. Gravetter , F. J. (2011). Research methods for behavioral sciences.